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James Giffen
James H. Giffen is an American businessman and an authority on American-Soviet trade.〔Claudia H. Deutsch, (Taking a team approach to Soviet Trade ), ''The New York Times'', July 31, 1988〕 He is the founder and chairman of Mercator Corporation.〔Steve LeVine, ''The Oil and the Glory'', Random House, 2007〕 He was the prime suspect accused in the $80 million Kazakhgate bribery scandal, which was at one time the largest US investigation ever into an overseas bribery case; but which went nowhere.〔Terry Macalister, ("Swiss join oil bribery inquiry" ), ''The Guardian'', May 7, 2003.〕〔http://www.fcpablog.com/blog/2010/11/22/no-punishment-for-hero-giffen.html〕
Giffen has had ties to the USSR dating back to the 1970s. After graduating from college, he worked for a subsidiary of Armco Steel, developing a relationship with Armco boss and future US commerce secretary C. William Verity, Jr.〔Ron Stodghill, ("Oil, Cash and Corruption" ), ''The New York Times'', November 5, 2006.〕 During the Cold War, Giffen was instrumental in setting up the multi-company American Trade Consortium (including large corporations such as RJR Nabisco, Chevron, Eastman Kodak, Johnson & Johnson and Archer Daniels Midland) to negotiate entry into the Soviet market with representatives of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.〔Louis Kraar, ("Top US Companies Move Into Russia" ), ''Fortune'', July 31, 1989〕
==Kazakhgate trial==
In the Kazakhgate trial, Giffen asserted that he was acting with the approval of the CIA, which refused to release secret papers relating to this activities.〔http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/7943201/George-Clooney-film-inspiration-Mr-Kazakhstan-finally-brought-to-justice.html〕 His defense said Giffen had merely been following orders from the Kazakh government, which as a foreign state had the right to define legality according to its own views, and serving the interests of the United States.〔http://foreignpolicy.com/2010/11/19/was-james-giffen-telling-the-truth/〕
Giffen eventually pled guilty to a tax misdemeanor under anti-corruption laws; the other charges, which could have carried a penalty of several decades in prison, were dropped.〔 The case concluded in November 2010; U.S. District Judge William Pauley, who said he had been able to refer to classified documents that had not been made public in the trial, ordered neither prison time nor a fine for Giffen.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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